A 4-year-old boy presented with vomiting and recurrent cough. He was investigated and found to have thoracic oesophageal duplication cyst. He was taken up for thoracoscopic removal of the cyst. The cyst was attached to the oesophagus and shared a common wall. The boy tolerated the procedure well and follow-up showed no recurrence of the cyst with total resolution of the symptoms. We share our experience with the management of this boy.

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Background: Laparoscopic appendectomy is becoming the preferred technique for treating acute appendicitis. However, its role in the treatment of complicated appendicitis is controversial. This study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of laparoscopic appendectomy for appendicular mass. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all the patients who were treated laparoscopically for appendicular mass from March 2007 to October 2009. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Results: A total of 120 patients were treated for appendicitis. A retrospective review of the patients' records demonstrated that 19 patients (15.8%) had appendicular mass at the time of admission. The average operative time was 95 minutes (range 45-140 minutes). Pathological evidence of appendicitis was present in all the patients. The average length of hospital stay was six days (rang 6-9 days). Three patients (15.7%) had post- operative complications. Two patients developed wound infections and one patient was re-admitted with pain and a lump below the umbilical port. Conclusion: The findings suggest that laparoscopic appendectomy is feasible in patients with appendicular mass. The authors propose a prospective, randomized trial to verify this finding.

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Purpose: Although commonly performed in adults, laparoscopic adrenalectomy in children is performed only in centres with advanced laparoscopic expertise. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed at a single centre between January 2003 and May 2010. After preoperative evaluation with biochemical assays and radiologic imaging, surgery was performed by using the lateral transabdominal approach in all patients. Results: Ten laparoscopic adrenalectomies (including three bilateral) were performed in seven children, with a mean age of 9.6 years. The tumours ranged from 2 - 7 cms in size. The operative durations were 75 - 130 minutes (unilateral) and 250 - 270 minutes (bilateral). Operative blood loss was minimal. There were no open conversions, but terminal hand assistance was required in one large right pheochromocytoma. The postoperative hospital stay ranged from 3 - 10 days. The final pathological diagnoses included pheochromocytoma, hyperplasia and neuroblastoma. Follow-up at 24 - 87 months was uneventful. Conclusion: With adequate experience in laparoscopy, it is possible to perform adrenalectomy in selected children.

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This short letter is in response to the article published in your publication about single-incision laparoscopic bariatric surgery, by Chih-Kun Huang. We want to focus on the technical aspects.

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Background: Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a major urological problem in children. Its incidence ranges from 1 to 3% in healthy children. Materials and Methods: We treated 38 children and analysed their data on age, sex, reflux grade, laterality, and results of endoscopic treatment (ET), at the different grades of reflux. All children were operated on an Ambulatory Surgery basis, studying the complications and post-operative course. Results: Thirty-eight patients were operated during a period of six years, of age between one and twelve years. VUR was bilateral in 24 (63%) patients, unilateral in 14 (34%), with a collection of a total of 62 renal units or ureters. In 29 children (76%), 46 refluxing ureters (70%) completely disappeared after just 1 ET. Nine patients (24%) with 16 ureteral units (30%) received a second ET, with the reflux disappearing successfully in seven children (12 ureteral units), changing the success rate in the disappearance of VUR, after two injections of Deflux, to 90% of the total group of ureters (58 of 62). Conclusion: The endoscopic treatment of VUR has become the first choice of treatment to control the primary reflux, not just because of the good results, but because of the low post-operative morbidity and the direct relationship with the Ambulatory Surgery Unit.

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The patient is a 39-year-old male with a five-month history of progressive dysphagia and a 70 lb weight loss. On upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy he was found to have a near-obstructing mass in the lower oesophagus that was proven by biopsy to be oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Stricture caused by the adenocarcinoma mass was stented with a Cook Evolution 12.5 cm / 24 Fr stent, which dislodged subsequently. We report the first case of a dislodged Cook Evolution 12.5 cm / 24 Fr oesophageal stent that was retrieved using combined laparoscopic and transabdominal endoscopy.

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Bariatric surgery is now accepted as a safe and effective procedure for morbid obesity. The frequency of bariatric procedures is increasing with the adoption of the laparoscopic approach. The general surgeons will be facing many more of such patients presenting with common general surgical problems. Many of the general surgeons, faced with such situations, may not be aware of the changes in the gastrointestinal anatomy following bariatric procedures and management of these clinical situations will therefore present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We hereby present a review of management of few common general surgical problems in patients with a history of bariatric surgery.

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Anatomical localization of the ureter comes along psoas major muscle and crosses over common iliac artery bifurcation. Common iliac artery aneurysm and impacted atherosclerosis are a rare condition that should be differed from the impacted ureter stone to avoid from undesirable complication. In this case, we present a very unusual anatomical variation and complication of common iliac artery and ureter in retroperitonoscopic ureterolithotomy.

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We describe a patient who developed peritonitis and paralytic ileus due to a retained portion of the inflammed appendix following laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA). The details of the presentation and management are discussed along with a brief review of the unusual complications LA.

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A 52-year-old, obese, female patient was referred for a right inguinal mass, which appeared seven months after a laparoscopic hysterectomy, which was performed because of myomatosis. Despite several examinations, including ultrasound, computed tomography (CT)-Scan, positron emission tomography (PET)-CT, and ultrasound-guided biopsy, the diagnosis remained unclear until surgical exploration, which disclosed a well-encapsulated solid tumour corresponding to a fibrotic leiomyoma. Spilling of leiomyoma cells is a rare and unusual complication of laparoscopic surgery. Tumour development in the inguinal canal after laparoscopic gynaecological surgery should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of inguinal hernia and other uncommon pathologies.

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