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| Year : 2022 | Volume
: 18
| Issue : 2 | Page : 317-319 |
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Use of indocyanine green-aided real-time angiography in laparoscopic mesenteric cyst excision – A safer approach
Amol N Wagh, Nikhil Dhimole, Shirish R Bhagvat, Sachin S Sholapur, Samprati Doddamalappa
Department of General Surgery, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Submission | 29-Jan-2021 |
| Date of Decision | 16-Mar-2021 |
| Date of Acceptance | 30-Mar-2021 |
| Date of Web Publication | 09-Jun-2021 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Nikhil Dhimole
Department of General Surgery, 6th Floor, JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai - 400 008, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/jmas.JMAS_39_21
Mesenteric cysts are rare abdominal lesions in the mesentery of the intestine. Complete surgical excision is the only treatment which can be done by an open laparotomy or laparoscopic technique. Application of indocyanine green dye during the surgery helps in identification of the mesenteric vasculature, prevention and early repair of inadvertent iatrogenic vascular and bowel injury.
Keywords: Angiography, indocyanine green, laparoscopic, mesenteric cysts
How to cite this article:
Wagh AN, Dhimole N, Bhagvat SR, Sholapur SS, Doddamalappa S. Use of indocyanine green-aided real-time angiography in laparoscopic mesenteric cyst excision – A safer approach. J Min Access Surg 2022;18:317-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Wagh AN, Dhimole N, Bhagvat SR, Sholapur SS, Doddamalappa S. Use of indocyanine green-aided real-time angiography in laparoscopic mesenteric cyst excision – A safer approach. J Min Access Surg [serial online] 2022 [cited 2022 May 21];18:317-9. Available from: https://www.journalofmas.com/text.asp?2022/18/2/317/318097 |
| ¤ Introduction | |  |
Mesenteric cysts can occur in the mesentery of the gastrointestinal tract from the duodenum to the rectum, the incidence of which is <1 in 100,000 patients.[1] They are usually found in the mesentery of the small bowel (66%).[2] However, mesentery of the large intestine (33%) may also be involved (usually in the right colon).[2] Usually, these cysts are clinically asymptomatic; however, they can present with non-specific abdominal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dull aching pain in the abdomen and bowel disturbances.
With the advent of recent laparoscopic surgical techniques, assessment of the peritoneal cavity and resection of the cyst can be performed successfully without the need for a full laparotomy.[3]
The decision for a surgical approach depends on the size, dimensions and relationships of the cyst with major abdominal structures, as well as the surgeon's degree of experience in minimal access surgery.
Laparoscopic mesenteric cyst excision involves placement of the ports followed by a diagnostic laparoscopy to evaluate the location, vascularity and relations of the cyst. Once identified, the cyst is dissected from its cephalic end and all the vessels in relation with the cyst are coagulated using an ultrasonic energy device.
The cyst is enucleated intact or after aspiration of the contents depending on the size of the cyst. Bowel resection and anastomosis might be required in some cases with bowel adhesions. However, there is always a risk of inadvertent mesenteric vascular injury during the procedure which might jeopardise the bowel perfusion leading to ischaemia of the bowel or leakage of the anastomosis.
| ¤ Our Modification | | |
This report deals with the application of indocyanine green (ICG) dye-based angiography during the laparoscopic excision of primary mesenteric cyst of the sigmoid colon in a middle-aged female patient, who had presented with chronic pain in the left iliac fossa and a palpable lump. A solitary cystic lesion in sigmoid colon mesentery measuring 8 cm × 6 cm was discovered on contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen .
Technique:
- The patient was given an intradermal test dose of 0.1 mg ICG on the ventral aspect of their right forearm a day prior to surgery to rule out any allergic reactions
- Three-port laparoscopic cyst excision was planned under general anaesthesia in a steep Trendelenburg position with the left side of the table tilted up
- One 12 mm camera port was placed in line with the umbilicus in the right lumbar region [Figure 2]
- Adequate pneumoperitoneum was created by the open technique
- Two 5 mm working ports were placed in the right hypochondrium and right iliac fossa, respectively
- The mesenteric cyst was identified in the left iliac region, attached to the mesentery of the sigmoid colon and it was mobile
- 5 mg of ICG dye diluted in 10cc distilled water was injected into the bloodstream intravenously and mesenteric vessels were identified (inflow into arteries for 30 s followed by gradual outflow in veins for 90 s) [Figure 3]
- Blunt dissection of pericystic adhesions was done. All the blood vessels in relation to the cyst were coagulated with an ultrasonic energy device and the cyst was enucleated from its attachments after confirming the absence of bowel adhesions [Figure 4]. The cyst was transferred to a retrieval bag and it was extracted out intact through the 12 mm port
- 5 mg ICG was again injected intravenously to visualise any possible inadvertent vascular or bowel injury. The absence of spillage confirmed the safety [Figure 5].
 | Figure 1: Contrast-enhanced computed tomography abdomen showing a solitary cystic lesion in relation to the sigmoid colon
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 | Figure 3: Identifying the mesenteric blood vessels after ICG injection(red and black arrows) and the translucent cyst
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 | Figure 5: Indocyanine green fluorescent image of the mesenteric vessels after cyst excision
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Post-operative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 3rd post-operative day. Histopathological examination revealed benign cystic mesothelioma.
| ¤ Benefits | | |
The dye, ICG, can be injected into the human bloodstream with practically no adverse effects.[4]
ICG demonstrates vasculature in deeper tissue planes than those visually apparent, as it operates in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum in which tissues are more translucent.[4] Light with a wavelength of 750–800 nm, corresponding to the excitation wavelength of the dye, illuminates the tissues.[5] A camera with the required filters can display the NIR fluorescence of dye within tissues. This is performed in real time, allowing the fluorescence data to be superimposed over a standard visual image.
| ¤ Indocyanine Green Defines the Mesenteric Vascular Arcade Before the Excision of Cyst to Prevent Inadvertent Vascular Injury and to Evaluate the Vascular and Bowel Injury After Excision of the Cyst | | |
A minimum duration of 10 min is required for line to ischemic demarcation to be visible to naked eyes. Real-time fluorescence using ICG can detect hypoperfusion early even with macroscopically judged normal perfusion with naked eyes. Thus, apart from the advantage of lesser operative time, a more accurate evaluation of mesenteric blood supply is also made.[6]
This helps in the early diagnosis of mesenteric ischaemia, inadvertent vascular injury and revision of proximal anastomotic line if required.[7] Therefore, evaluation of intraoperative blood flow using ICG angiography is safe and effective for the evaluation of bowel ischaemia during laparoscopic excision of mesenteric cyst.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| ¤ References | | |
| 1. | Kurtz TM, Heimann J, Holt AR. Beck, Mesenteric and retroperitoneal cysts. Ann Surg 1986;203:109-12.  |
| 2. | Bhandarwar AH, Tayade MB, Borisa AD, Kasat GV. Laparoscopic excision of mesenteric cyst of sigmoid mesocolon. J Min Access Surg 2013;9:37-9. [ PUBMED] [Full text] |
| 3. | Kwan E, Lau H, Yuen WK. Laparoscopic resection of a mesenteric cyst. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;59:154-6. |
| 4. | Alander JT, Kaartinen I, Laakso A, Pätilä T, Spillmann T, Tuchin VV, et al. A review of indocyanine green fluorescent imaging in surgery. Int J Biomed Imaging 2012;2012:940585. |
| 5. | Kraft JC, Ho RJ. Interactions of indocyanine green and lipid in enhancing near-infrared fluorescence properties: The basis for near-infrared imaging in vivo. Biochemistry 2014;53:1275-83. |
| 6. | Ogino T, Hata T, Kawada J, Okano M, Kim Y, Okuyama M, et al. The risk factor of anastomotic hypoperfusion in colorectal surgery. J Surg Res 2019;244:265-71. |
| 7. | Marquardt C, Kalev G, Schiedeck T. Intraoperative fluorescence angiography with indocyanine green: Retrospective evaluation and detailed analysis of our single-center 5-year experience focused on colorectal surgery. Innov Surg Sci 2020;5:35-42. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
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